Enlargement of the penis by surgery is not a novel procedure. Even since mankind became of the genitals, almost every culture has been mucking around with the genitals. There are countless anecdotal reports on penile enlargement techniques used by different cultures in different eras.
The crudest method of penile enlargement has been the use of a traction device. While this may sound ancient and foolhardy, it is still a widely used technique and advocated by many non health care professionals. Other cultures have inserted safety pins and needles in the penis to promote inflammation and engorgement of the penis with blood. And still others have recommended daily use of weights tied to a string to elongate the penis. And the most insane has been the methods used by ancient civilizations in South America- the courageous Incas have even let snakes bite their penis- the end result in each of these scenarios has been a painful penis which was severely deformed.
In North America, our educated folks were not very impressed with the old methods of penile enlargement and we had to wait until the early 1980s until adequate surgical techniques were developed.
The first penile enlargement surgery was performed in China but like everything else in life- we in America have always wanted to be the biggest and best and so, the technique of penile enlargement was perfected here. Today, penile enlargement surgery is a flourishing business for cosmetic surgeons.
Even though penile enlargement surgery has been performed for about 2 decades, it is still not recognized by the various Surgical Organizations. In fact, many traditional surgeons are against it. Currently there are no guidelines, rules or quality control measures for this type of surgery.
Many surgeons consider penile enlargement surgery to be experimental, risky and not indicated. While a few individuals have obtained the desired result, there are just as many who have developed severe and irreversible complications. Like the beginnings of any surgery, technical problems still do occur and the side effects are unpredictable. For most surgeons this is unchartered territory and fraught with hazards. The procedure is still only done by a few surgeons and the procedure remains unrecognized by the Surgical Organizations.
There is a strong belief among health care professionals that men who remain dis-satisfied with their penis size should be careful about undergoing what is considered experimental surgery. Perhaps a psychological evaluation may be a better option. For those who do seek surgery, heed the adage, Buyer Beware.
Friday, February 27, 2009
Wednesday, February 25, 2009
Bed Wetting and Treatment with Imipramine (Tofranil)
There are at least 5-7 million children who have problems with bed wetting. This social problem is quite difficult to treat. Over the years many types of non-medical and medical treatments have been approved for enuresis. One should understand first that there is no medication that is 100% effective or can cure enuresis. All medications currently used to treat enuresis only work for a short time and many have potent side effects.
Medications are not first line of therapy for bed wetting. In most cases medications are only started after behavior therapy and alarms have failed. Among the drugs, imipramine (tofranil) is often used to treat both children and adults with enuresis. The drug goes by several names including Imiprex, tofranil and Sermonil.
Imipramine is a good drug for the treatment of depression, various pain syndromes, insomnia and neuropathy. Tofranil has been used to treat enuresis for more than 3 decades. The lowest dosage of Tofranil is usually administered and the response to bed wetting is observed. Most people begin to see a response in a few days. The dose is usually increased if no response is seen after 2 weeks. The initial success rates of tofranil are low. Only 10%-20% of children and about 25% of adults respond to this therapy. However, for some unknown reason with continued long-term treatment, its effectiveness disappears. The exact manner in which Tofranil controls bed wetting is unknown but its action are thought to be related to its anti-cholinergic activity and potentiation of the sympathetic system. The dose of imipramine is based on the body weight.
The drug is also given to adult patients with bed wetting but only if there is no evidence of any heart problems like congestive heart failure, history of palpitation or strokes. Because the drug can lower seizure threshold, it is usually not given to patients with such a history.
Tofranil is available as tablets of 10 mg, 25 mg and 50 mg. In most cases the children are treated for 3-6 months and then the drug is weaned slowly by decreasing the dosage every few weeks. Relapses are quite common when the drug is discontinued. Even though tofranil is widely prescribed with modest results, it frequently has to be discontinued because of persistent side effects.
Side effects of Tofranil include:
* fast heart rate
* blurred vision
* dry mouth
* constipation
* weight gain
* low blood pressure
Tofranil has also been associated with accidental overdose and thus, precaution is required during dispensing this medication to children.
For more on bedwetting supplies, please visit www.medexsupply.com
Medications are not first line of therapy for bed wetting. In most cases medications are only started after behavior therapy and alarms have failed. Among the drugs, imipramine (tofranil) is often used to treat both children and adults with enuresis. The drug goes by several names including Imiprex, tofranil and Sermonil.
Imipramine is a good drug for the treatment of depression, various pain syndromes, insomnia and neuropathy. Tofranil has been used to treat enuresis for more than 3 decades. The lowest dosage of Tofranil is usually administered and the response to bed wetting is observed. Most people begin to see a response in a few days. The dose is usually increased if no response is seen after 2 weeks. The initial success rates of tofranil are low. Only 10%-20% of children and about 25% of adults respond to this therapy. However, for some unknown reason with continued long-term treatment, its effectiveness disappears. The exact manner in which Tofranil controls bed wetting is unknown but its action are thought to be related to its anti-cholinergic activity and potentiation of the sympathetic system. The dose of imipramine is based on the body weight.
The drug is also given to adult patients with bed wetting but only if there is no evidence of any heart problems like congestive heart failure, history of palpitation or strokes. Because the drug can lower seizure threshold, it is usually not given to patients with such a history.
Tofranil is available as tablets of 10 mg, 25 mg and 50 mg. In most cases the children are treated for 3-6 months and then the drug is weaned slowly by decreasing the dosage every few weeks. Relapses are quite common when the drug is discontinued. Even though tofranil is widely prescribed with modest results, it frequently has to be discontinued because of persistent side effects.
Side effects of Tofranil include:
* fast heart rate
* blurred vision
* dry mouth
* constipation
* weight gain
* low blood pressure
Tofranil has also been associated with accidental overdose and thus, precaution is required during dispensing this medication to children.
For more on bedwetting supplies, please visit www.medexsupply.com
Monday, February 23, 2009
Varicoceles and Fertility
Self-care
When a varicocele is diagnosed, basic home care should include wearing of a scrotal support, avoiding strenuous exercise and heavy lifting. There are no medications, herbs of spices to treat this condition. Pain can be relieved by over the counter medications.
Does varicocele surgery improve fertility?
There is absolutely no direct correlation between the presence of a varicocele and infertility. There is no doubt that about 40% of individuals who undergo investigation for infertility have been found to have varicoceles. But one has to know that there are many more individuals with varicoceles who go on to have normal sperm and have satisfactory pregnancy with their spouse. There are also many men who undergo varicocele surgery and yet fail to have normal sperm counts.
The questions remains, “what should one do with varicoceles?”. There is no question that incidentally discovered varicoceles or varicoceles that produce no symptoms can be safely observed. All the data about testicular atrophy and decline in sperm counts are unproven and hypothetical facts put out by unscrupulous surgeons. Many men live their entire lives with varicoceles and do so without any undue problems.
Varicoceles continue to generate controversy among fertility experts. Despite conflicting evidence from various clinical studies, all the trials still recommend the surgical treatment of clinical varicoceles in men with infertility. However, it is incumbent on the surgeon to discuss the pros and cons of surgery for varicocele. A second opinion is not always a bad idea.
When a varicocele is diagnosed, basic home care should include wearing of a scrotal support, avoiding strenuous exercise and heavy lifting. There are no medications, herbs of spices to treat this condition. Pain can be relieved by over the counter medications.
Does varicocele surgery improve fertility?
There is absolutely no direct correlation between the presence of a varicocele and infertility. There is no doubt that about 40% of individuals who undergo investigation for infertility have been found to have varicoceles. But one has to know that there are many more individuals with varicoceles who go on to have normal sperm and have satisfactory pregnancy with their spouse. There are also many men who undergo varicocele surgery and yet fail to have normal sperm counts.
The questions remains, “what should one do with varicoceles?”. There is no question that incidentally discovered varicoceles or varicoceles that produce no symptoms can be safely observed. All the data about testicular atrophy and decline in sperm counts are unproven and hypothetical facts put out by unscrupulous surgeons. Many men live their entire lives with varicoceles and do so without any undue problems.
Varicoceles continue to generate controversy among fertility experts. Despite conflicting evidence from various clinical studies, all the trials still recommend the surgical treatment of clinical varicoceles in men with infertility. However, it is incumbent on the surgeon to discuss the pros and cons of surgery for varicocele. A second opinion is not always a bad idea.
Complications of Varicocele Surgery
Complications of surgery
There is no surgery which is risk free and if a surgeon tells you that he has no complications, seek another surgeon. There are a few minor risks of surgery which are important to know and understand. In about 1-3% of cases, a small amount of watery fluid may accumulate around the testis (hydrocele). This fluid is harmless and not painful. In the majority of cases, the fluid will disappear in a few weeks. The occasional patient may require a needle aspiration to remove the fluid. Scrotal support is highly recommended after surgery to decrease this complication.
Other complications resulting from either open or laparoscopic approaches are rare, but include varicocele persistence/recurrence, hydrocele formation and injury to the testicular artery.
Recurrence of the varicocele is an ever present risk. If the surgeon fails to remove or ligate all the veins responsible, there is a good chance of a varicocele recurring. It occurs in at least 10% of individuals who have varicocelectomy.
In the very rare case, the tubes that transport the sperm can be injured during the surgery and render the individual sterile. This major complication is difficult to correct, but can be done.
There is no surgery which is risk free and if a surgeon tells you that he has no complications, seek another surgeon. There are a few minor risks of surgery which are important to know and understand. In about 1-3% of cases, a small amount of watery fluid may accumulate around the testis (hydrocele). This fluid is harmless and not painful. In the majority of cases, the fluid will disappear in a few weeks. The occasional patient may require a needle aspiration to remove the fluid. Scrotal support is highly recommended after surgery to decrease this complication.
Other complications resulting from either open or laparoscopic approaches are rare, but include varicocele persistence/recurrence, hydrocele formation and injury to the testicular artery.
Recurrence of the varicocele is an ever present risk. If the surgeon fails to remove or ligate all the veins responsible, there is a good chance of a varicocele recurring. It occurs in at least 10% of individuals who have varicocelectomy.
In the very rare case, the tubes that transport the sperm can be injured during the surgery and render the individual sterile. This major complication is difficult to correct, but can be done.
Treatment for Varicoceles Part 3
What can be expected after treatment?
The surgery for varicocele treatment is considered minor in nature and the incision is small. The majority of individuals recover rapidly. The pain is easily controlled with over the counter pain medications and only lasts 24 hours. All patients are asked to refrain from strenuous exercise and heavy lifting for 2 weeks. The majority of individuals can return to work in 48 hours. The surgeon will always recommend a follow up appointment in 1-2 week after the surgery. At the follow up appointment, the sperm is analyzed. Semen analyses are typically obtained at three to four month intervals after the procedure. Improvement is often seen within six months, but may not be observed until one year postoperatively.
The majority of individuals who undergo the open procedure do well and only have a recurrence rate of 1%.
Results
All the operative techniques show a good response in the short term, but the recent microsurgical techniques have the fewest complications and the fastest recovery. Despite the advent of newer laparoscopic techniques and better instruments, this technique has not been found to be superior to the open surgical techniques. The short term results are the same as the open surgery.
Today, the majority of urologists agree on one thing; only clinically visible varicoceles should be treated. The varicoceles which are small and only identified by ultrasound should be observed. No one has shown that repairing these varicoceles improves the fertility rates.
For the symptomatic and large varicoceles, there is some evidence (depending on whom you believe), that pregnancy rates are improved in the previously sterile male. In an era where money and medicine have become a business, the surgeons always claim to have great success with everything they do-so be informed and ask questions.
The surgery for varicocele treatment is considered minor in nature and the incision is small. The majority of individuals recover rapidly. The pain is easily controlled with over the counter pain medications and only lasts 24 hours. All patients are asked to refrain from strenuous exercise and heavy lifting for 2 weeks. The majority of individuals can return to work in 48 hours. The surgeon will always recommend a follow up appointment in 1-2 week after the surgery. At the follow up appointment, the sperm is analyzed. Semen analyses are typically obtained at three to four month intervals after the procedure. Improvement is often seen within six months, but may not be observed until one year postoperatively.
The majority of individuals who undergo the open procedure do well and only have a recurrence rate of 1%.
Results
All the operative techniques show a good response in the short term, but the recent microsurgical techniques have the fewest complications and the fastest recovery. Despite the advent of newer laparoscopic techniques and better instruments, this technique has not been found to be superior to the open surgical techniques. The short term results are the same as the open surgery.
Today, the majority of urologists agree on one thing; only clinically visible varicoceles should be treated. The varicoceles which are small and only identified by ultrasound should be observed. No one has shown that repairing these varicoceles improves the fertility rates.
For the symptomatic and large varicoceles, there is some evidence (depending on whom you believe), that pregnancy rates are improved in the previously sterile male. In an era where money and medicine have become a business, the surgeons always claim to have great success with everything they do-so be informed and ask questions.
Treatment for Varicoceles Part 2
Radiological embolization
A few individuals who have a recurrent of a varicocele or complex varicoceles may undergo a procedure known as radiological embolization. This is an outpatient procedure done in the radiology suite. Local anesthetic is infiltrated on the opposite groin and a small needle is placed into a large vein in the groin or neck.
This procedure is performed by radiologists using a special tube that is inserted and directed to the varicocele. After radiographic visualization of the enlarged veins of the pampiniform plexus, coils or balloons are used to block the veins. The blockage of the veins leads to their collapse as they can’t fill with blood anymore. The procedure is done under mild intravenous sedation or local anesthetic and usually takes several hours to complete.
Complications may include varicocele persistence/recurrence, coil migration and complications at the venous access site. This technique is not widely available at all medical centers.
For those who undergo a radiological embolization, the recovery period is also short and most individuals recover within 24-48 hours. The pain is very mild and like the surgery, individuals are asked to refrain from heavy exercise and lifting for 2 weeks. Unlike surgery, the recurrence rates after embolization are much higher.
A few individuals who have a recurrent of a varicocele or complex varicoceles may undergo a procedure known as radiological embolization. This is an outpatient procedure done in the radiology suite. Local anesthetic is infiltrated on the opposite groin and a small needle is placed into a large vein in the groin or neck.
This procedure is performed by radiologists using a special tube that is inserted and directed to the varicocele. After radiographic visualization of the enlarged veins of the pampiniform plexus, coils or balloons are used to block the veins. The blockage of the veins leads to their collapse as they can’t fill with blood anymore. The procedure is done under mild intravenous sedation or local anesthetic and usually takes several hours to complete.
Complications may include varicocele persistence/recurrence, coil migration and complications at the venous access site. This technique is not widely available at all medical centers.
For those who undergo a radiological embolization, the recovery period is also short and most individuals recover within 24-48 hours. The pain is very mild and like the surgery, individuals are asked to refrain from heavy exercise and lifting for 2 weeks. Unlike surgery, the recurrence rates after embolization are much higher.
Treatment for Varicoceles
What are the treatment options for varicoceles?
There is a lot of debate whether varicoceles require any treatment. No medical therapies are available for either treatment or prevention; however analgesic agents may alleviate associated pain when present. Some doctors claim that no treatment is required. Others claim that treatment may benefit individuals who are infertile and have symptoms. The treatment involves removal of the vein mass which is causing the enlargement and infertility.
The timing of the varicocele is also debated. Some doctors claim that even though varicoceles may be detected in adolescence, the treatment can wait until the individual has any symptoms or is getting married. Others recommend varicocele repair in adolescence only if there is evidence of pain, testicular atrophy or if the sperm count is altered.
Surgery Treatment
There are two main approaches to the treatment of a varicocele. Treatment of varicoceles varies from open surgery to refined radiological destruction techniques. Most urologists recommend the radiological techniques after the open surgery techniques have failed
Surgical Repair
The surgery is done under anesthesia and is an outpatient procedure. There are various surgical techniques and all involves tying or removal of the large vein complex. Most surgeons recommend that the wearing of high magnification loops allows for better visualization and identification of these venous clumps. Today, smaller micro invasive procedures have also been developed which only require 1-2 small incisions. However, these refined laparoscopic procedures also have the potential for a higher rate of complications than the open method. The procedure may be done under local, spinal or general anesthesia.
There is a lot of debate whether varicoceles require any treatment. No medical therapies are available for either treatment or prevention; however analgesic agents may alleviate associated pain when present. Some doctors claim that no treatment is required. Others claim that treatment may benefit individuals who are infertile and have symptoms. The treatment involves removal of the vein mass which is causing the enlargement and infertility.
The timing of the varicocele is also debated. Some doctors claim that even though varicoceles may be detected in adolescence, the treatment can wait until the individual has any symptoms or is getting married. Others recommend varicocele repair in adolescence only if there is evidence of pain, testicular atrophy or if the sperm count is altered.
Surgery Treatment
There are two main approaches to the treatment of a varicocele. Treatment of varicoceles varies from open surgery to refined radiological destruction techniques. Most urologists recommend the radiological techniques after the open surgery techniques have failed
Surgical Repair
The surgery is done under anesthesia and is an outpatient procedure. There are various surgical techniques and all involves tying or removal of the large vein complex. Most surgeons recommend that the wearing of high magnification loops allows for better visualization and identification of these venous clumps. Today, smaller micro invasive procedures have also been developed which only require 1-2 small incisions. However, these refined laparoscopic procedures also have the potential for a higher rate of complications than the open method. The procedure may be done under local, spinal or general anesthesia.
Saturday, February 21, 2009
The Superbug- MRSA part 2
Today, many healthy individuals have been found to carry staphylococcus in their nose or skin at any given time. While the bacteria do not cause infections, it does become colonized. Once colonized, these bacteria only cause an infection if the individual becomes sick, cuts himself or is involved in a traumatic incident. The majority of healthy individuals who are colonized with MRSA do not become sick but are quite capable of transferring the organism to others by sharing personal car items or by coming in close contact.
Even though several newer antibiotics have been developed to fight off MRSA, experts believe that it is only a matter of time before the staphylococcus develops resistance to these new drugs.
While the vast majority of MRSA are found in the hospital, the community based MRSA has been found in clusters among athletes, law enforcement and military personnel, children and many minority ethnic groups.
At present, we have no magic bullet to rid of MRSA. All the novel antibiotics available to fight off this organism are designed only for hospital use. However, one can fight and control this infection by adopting the following defense methods:
-washing your hands is the best defense against not only MRSA but all germs
-Do not share personal items with anyone. MRSA can rapidly spread from contaminated clothing and equipments well as through direct contact
-If you have a wound, keep it clean and covered. If you are active in sports and have a wound, take a break and let the wound heal
-regularly wash your linen, esp. gym clothes
-when you are prescribed antibiotics, finish the course and do not stop half way and share your antibiotics with other people
For the moment, there is no need to get one’s self tested for MRSA. The most cost effective way to control the spread MRSA is washing hands. If these basic hygiene precautions are undertaken, the risks of developing an infection and/or transmission of MRSA are significantly minimized.
Even though several newer antibiotics have been developed to fight off MRSA, experts believe that it is only a matter of time before the staphylococcus develops resistance to these new drugs.
While the vast majority of MRSA are found in the hospital, the community based MRSA has been found in clusters among athletes, law enforcement and military personnel, children and many minority ethnic groups.
At present, we have no magic bullet to rid of MRSA. All the novel antibiotics available to fight off this organism are designed only for hospital use. However, one can fight and control this infection by adopting the following defense methods:
-washing your hands is the best defense against not only MRSA but all germs
-Do not share personal items with anyone. MRSA can rapidly spread from contaminated clothing and equipments well as through direct contact
-If you have a wound, keep it clean and covered. If you are active in sports and have a wound, take a break and let the wound heal
-regularly wash your linen, esp. gym clothes
-when you are prescribed antibiotics, finish the course and do not stop half way and share your antibiotics with other people
For the moment, there is no need to get one’s self tested for MRSA. The most cost effective way to control the spread MRSA is washing hands. If these basic hygiene precautions are undertaken, the risks of developing an infection and/or transmission of MRSA are significantly minimized.
The Superbug- MRSA part 1
In the last decade, there has been almost daily news about MRSA or methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreaks all over the country. The media hype about this infection has created hysteria among both health care professionals and the public.
There have been reports that this bug has caused deaths in other wise healthy individuals and many hospitals have had to close down operating rooms. If so, what is this Superbug; is it that bad and how does one acquire it?
MRSA is caused by the bacteria, staphylococcus or sometimes called staph. About 2 decades ago, a strain of staphylococcus surfaced in hospitals that was very resistant to many antibiotics that were designed to kill it. This led to its name- methicillin resistant staphylococcus or MRSA. MRSA is generally a harmless organism but can also cause serious infections in individuals who are hospitalized. It is also very resistant to most antibiotics, except vancomycin. In the last 7 years, many strains of staphylococcus have also started to show resistance to vancomycin.
For the better part of the past two decades, MRSA was predominantly a hospital based organism; this is not true anymore. MRSA is now widely found in the community. These community associated MRSA do differ slightly from the hospitals strains but can also cause serious skin, soft tissue infections and pneumonias. Most patients who do acquire MRSA in the community have no idea how they acquired the organism.
There have been reports that this bug has caused deaths in other wise healthy individuals and many hospitals have had to close down operating rooms. If so, what is this Superbug; is it that bad and how does one acquire it?
MRSA is caused by the bacteria, staphylococcus or sometimes called staph. About 2 decades ago, a strain of staphylococcus surfaced in hospitals that was very resistant to many antibiotics that were designed to kill it. This led to its name- methicillin resistant staphylococcus or MRSA. MRSA is generally a harmless organism but can also cause serious infections in individuals who are hospitalized. It is also very resistant to most antibiotics, except vancomycin. In the last 7 years, many strains of staphylococcus have also started to show resistance to vancomycin.
For the better part of the past two decades, MRSA was predominantly a hospital based organism; this is not true anymore. MRSA is now widely found in the community. These community associated MRSA do differ slightly from the hospitals strains but can also cause serious skin, soft tissue infections and pneumonias. Most patients who do acquire MRSA in the community have no idea how they acquired the organism.
Tuesday, February 17, 2009
Bed Wetting and DDVAP (Desmopressin)
Bedwetting is not a life threatening disorder but can create havoc in the life of an individual. In most cases, children who have a bed wetting problem grow out of it with time. Some children may improve with the use of an enuresis alarm. However, in other cases, the problem of bed wetting can be severe and may warrant medications. One of the best medications to treat bed wetting today is DDAVP or desmopressin. DDAVP is actually a synthetic hormone and is very effective in the treatment of enuresis.
DDAVP is available both as a pill and as a nasal spray. It works by reducing the amount of urine produced at night. With less urine formed, the bladder remains less full and the urge to urinate disappears. DDAVP is generally used in children after all conservative approaches have been tried and failed.
DDVAP is obtainable as a nasal spray but it is currently under FDA restriction and not recommended for use in the treatment of primary enuresis.
DDAVP pill is usually taken at the lowest dose just before bed time. The dose is gradually increased every 3-4 days until the desired response is obtained. The oral pill is placed underneath the tongue where it usually dissolves very fast. One should not take the pill with a glass of water. Water should be limited at night as one is trying to prevent excess urine formation.
The side effects of DDAVP include nose bleeds, headaches and abdominal bloating. These side effects are not common but do occur in about 1-3% of children.
DDAVP is very effective in stopping night time bed wetting and is an excellent choice when one is going for a trip or to sleep over at friend’s house.
Most parents report that DDAVP immediately decreases enuresis in their child. The drug only decreases the frequency of bed wetting but does not cure the problem. Most health care professionals recommend that after a period of 1-2 months, the dose of DDAVP should be slowly decreased. However, most data indicate that relapse of enuresis is quite common when the drug is stopped or the dosage is decreased. This cycle of re-starting and tapering DDAVP usually goes on for months, before one can finally stop the drug.
Unfortunately, in some children DDAVP is used to control bed wetting for many months. In such cases, a few parents tolerate some degree of bed wetting and stop the drug cold turkey.
To ensure that DDAVP works, it is important not to give the child any fluids before bedtime. Current data indicate that DDAVP works in about 80% of children with primary enuresis.
DDAVP is available both as a pill and as a nasal spray. It works by reducing the amount of urine produced at night. With less urine formed, the bladder remains less full and the urge to urinate disappears. DDAVP is generally used in children after all conservative approaches have been tried and failed.
DDVAP is obtainable as a nasal spray but it is currently under FDA restriction and not recommended for use in the treatment of primary enuresis.
DDAVP pill is usually taken at the lowest dose just before bed time. The dose is gradually increased every 3-4 days until the desired response is obtained. The oral pill is placed underneath the tongue where it usually dissolves very fast. One should not take the pill with a glass of water. Water should be limited at night as one is trying to prevent excess urine formation.
The side effects of DDAVP include nose bleeds, headaches and abdominal bloating. These side effects are not common but do occur in about 1-3% of children.
DDAVP is very effective in stopping night time bed wetting and is an excellent choice when one is going for a trip or to sleep over at friend’s house.
Most parents report that DDAVP immediately decreases enuresis in their child. The drug only decreases the frequency of bed wetting but does not cure the problem. Most health care professionals recommend that after a period of 1-2 months, the dose of DDAVP should be slowly decreased. However, most data indicate that relapse of enuresis is quite common when the drug is stopped or the dosage is decreased. This cycle of re-starting and tapering DDAVP usually goes on for months, before one can finally stop the drug.
Unfortunately, in some children DDAVP is used to control bed wetting for many months. In such cases, a few parents tolerate some degree of bed wetting and stop the drug cold turkey.
To ensure that DDAVP works, it is important not to give the child any fluids before bedtime. Current data indicate that DDAVP works in about 80% of children with primary enuresis.
What is a Colostomy? Part 2
Once an individual gets a colostomy, you will definitely be educated about the the care of your colostomy before discharge from a hospital. Having a colostomy is not easy and one has to make a significant number of changes in lifestyle. But with proper education and guidance, living with a colostomy is not difficult. Today, there are also many support groups whch offer assistance, advice and tips.
For proper functioning of a colostomy and living a normal life, one has to pay attention to the following details:
Always know your medications. Many medications can cause constipation or diarrhea- both conditions which can make life with a colostomy difficult.
Eat a healthy diet and avoid foods that cause excessive gas. Nuts, some vegetables and beans are a common cause of gas and should be avoided. Speak to a nutritionist at the hospital about all the dos and don’ts. The internet also has many sites where one can get useful dietary information.
Skin protection. One of the major problems with a colostomy is taking care of the surrounding skin. Always make sure that the area is clean and at the first sign of redness, go to your surgeon.If your colostomy is working fine and you adhere to a decent diet, there is no need for colostomy irrigation.
The advances in surgery, availability of stoma nurses and the newer appliances have greatly improved the management of stomas and the less you mess around with the colostomy, the more enjoyable will be your life be.Having a colostomy is not the end of the world.
Many individuals live their lives to the fullest extent despite a colostomy. The modern colostomy appliances available today can help you adjust your life style, allow you to work, play sports and even have enjoyable sex.
For proper functioning of a colostomy and living a normal life, one has to pay attention to the following details:
Always know your medications. Many medications can cause constipation or diarrhea- both conditions which can make life with a colostomy difficult.
Eat a healthy diet and avoid foods that cause excessive gas. Nuts, some vegetables and beans are a common cause of gas and should be avoided. Speak to a nutritionist at the hospital about all the dos and don’ts. The internet also has many sites where one can get useful dietary information.
Skin protection. One of the major problems with a colostomy is taking care of the surrounding skin. Always make sure that the area is clean and at the first sign of redness, go to your surgeon.If your colostomy is working fine and you adhere to a decent diet, there is no need for colostomy irrigation.
The advances in surgery, availability of stoma nurses and the newer appliances have greatly improved the management of stomas and the less you mess around with the colostomy, the more enjoyable will be your life be.Having a colostomy is not the end of the world.
Many individuals live their lives to the fullest extent despite a colostomy. The modern colostomy appliances available today can help you adjust your life style, allow you to work, play sports and even have enjoyable sex.
What is a Colostomy? Part 1
The colon is the last 5-6 feet of large bowel which connects to the rectum. The function of the colon is to absorb water and allows for the passage of fecal material into the rectum. In individuals who have problems with the rectum or the colon, the passage of fecal material becomes a problem.
In most cases, the diseased part of the colon is removed and the two ends are connected. However, there are instances when the two ends of the bowel cannot be connected. To allow for the fecal material to be emptied, one end of the colon is then brought out to the skin and this is called a stoma- an opening of the colon which connects to the skin.
Colostomy is a surgical procedure performed to bring out the end of the large intestine through the abdominal wall onto the skin. The stools in the intestine then drain into a bag attached on to the skin surface. Colostomy may sound like a big and complex operation, but in fact the procedure is quite simple and widely performed by many surgeons. Colostomies are often created when there is cancer of the colon or rectum, bowel injuries, inflammatory bowel disease or diverticulitis.
Colostomies can be permanent or temporary. All colostomies are done under general anesthesia. In most cases when bowel is resected the two ends are connected back with sutures or staplers. However, there are times when the two end of the bowel can not be connected back and the one end of the bowel is then brought out to the skin. A specialized drainage bag called a stoma appliance bag is then placed around the skin opening to allow the stools to collect.
Temporary colostomies are generally reversed after 3-4 months. However, in about 10-15% of cases, the colostomy cannot be reversed.
In most cases, the diseased part of the colon is removed and the two ends are connected. However, there are instances when the two ends of the bowel cannot be connected. To allow for the fecal material to be emptied, one end of the colon is then brought out to the skin and this is called a stoma- an opening of the colon which connects to the skin.
Colostomy is a surgical procedure performed to bring out the end of the large intestine through the abdominal wall onto the skin. The stools in the intestine then drain into a bag attached on to the skin surface. Colostomy may sound like a big and complex operation, but in fact the procedure is quite simple and widely performed by many surgeons. Colostomies are often created when there is cancer of the colon or rectum, bowel injuries, inflammatory bowel disease or diverticulitis.
Colostomies can be permanent or temporary. All colostomies are done under general anesthesia. In most cases when bowel is resected the two ends are connected back with sutures or staplers. However, there are times when the two end of the bowel can not be connected back and the one end of the bowel is then brought out to the skin. A specialized drainage bag called a stoma appliance bag is then placed around the skin opening to allow the stools to collect.
Temporary colostomies are generally reversed after 3-4 months. However, in about 10-15% of cases, the colostomy cannot be reversed.
H. Pylori and Peptic Ulcer Disease Part 2
Why some individuals develop an infection with h. pylori is not known but may be related to different strains of the bacteria and genetic factors. H. pylori is a hardy bacteria and is quite adapted to surviving in the stomach. It protects itself from the high acidity of the stomach by creating a low acid buffer zone.
It is believed that the h. pylori is acquired during childhood but some individuals do contract the infection during adulthood. The bacteria can be acquired by contact with other individuals through saliva or sharing utensils with an infected person.
Today h. pylori is screened for when an individual develops a problem with the abdomen. While there are many invasive tests to make a diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease, h. pylori is determined with a non invasive test. The two common tests to detect h. pylori include the breath and antigen test. There are also some blood tests which can detect antibodies that have formed against h.pylori.
The breath test takes advantage of the bacteria’s ability to breakdown urea. One drinks a solution of urea which has been labeled with minute amounts of radioactive carbon. Individuals who have h pylori will break down the urea and the carbon will be released. The carbon is exhaled and captured in a special bag.
The stool antigen test can detect the presence of foreign bacteria in the stools. In some individuals the above tests may suffice but if the symptoms are worse and persistent, endoscopy or some type of radiological study may be warranted.
The treatment of h. pylori involves a combination of two antibiotics and an acid inhibitor like Prilosec or Zantac. Experts recommend that the best treatment for h pylori is prevention. Washing hands and maintaining good hygiene are essential in preventing not only h. pylori but a vast number of other infections. One should also not share personal products with other individuals and avoid consumption of contaminated food or water.
It is believed that the h. pylori is acquired during childhood but some individuals do contract the infection during adulthood. The bacteria can be acquired by contact with other individuals through saliva or sharing utensils with an infected person.
Today h. pylori is screened for when an individual develops a problem with the abdomen. While there are many invasive tests to make a diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease, h. pylori is determined with a non invasive test. The two common tests to detect h. pylori include the breath and antigen test. There are also some blood tests which can detect antibodies that have formed against h.pylori.
The breath test takes advantage of the bacteria’s ability to breakdown urea. One drinks a solution of urea which has been labeled with minute amounts of radioactive carbon. Individuals who have h pylori will break down the urea and the carbon will be released. The carbon is exhaled and captured in a special bag.
The stool antigen test can detect the presence of foreign bacteria in the stools. In some individuals the above tests may suffice but if the symptoms are worse and persistent, endoscopy or some type of radiological study may be warranted.
The treatment of h. pylori involves a combination of two antibiotics and an acid inhibitor like Prilosec or Zantac. Experts recommend that the best treatment for h pylori is prevention. Washing hands and maintaining good hygiene are essential in preventing not only h. pylori but a vast number of other infections. One should also not share personal products with other individuals and avoid consumption of contaminated food or water.
H. Pylori and Peptic Ulcer Disease Part 1
H. pylori is a bacteria which thrives in the stomach. It is found in about 50% of individuals in North America. However, many people who have the bacteria in the stomach have no signs or symptoms of infection. H. pylori is now known to be the cause of peptic ulcer disease. The bacteria have the capacity to cause inflammation of the stomach wall lining and cause ulcers and stomach cancers.
How H. pylori actually causes ulcers of the stomach is not known but researchers believe that the bacteria releases toxic products which can damage the wall lining. When an ulcer has been established by h. pylori the signs and symptoms may include:
- burning pain in the abdomen
- weight loss
- nausea, vomiting, burping
- bloated feeling
- blood in the stools or black stools
How H. pylori actually causes ulcers of the stomach is not known but researchers believe that the bacteria releases toxic products which can damage the wall lining. When an ulcer has been established by h. pylori the signs and symptoms may include:
- burning pain in the abdomen
- weight loss
- nausea, vomiting, burping
- bloated feeling
- blood in the stools or black stools
Incentive Spirometry part 2
Incentive spirometry is most useful when there is a chance that the lung may collapse after surgery. The types of surgery that commonly cause atelectasis include incisions on the chest, upper abdomen, or on patients who smoke or have obstructive lung disease. There are some bed ridden patients or those who are paralyzed who also develop weakened respiratory muscles and are prone to the development of atelectasis.
While incentive spirometry is beneficial for most medical patients, there are some patients who may find no use of the device. It is necessary that the patient be cooperative and understand how to use the device. For those individuals who have a tracheostomy, the technique requires adaptation of the spirometer.
The majority of patients who are taught how to perform incentive spirometry benefit from it. However, without supervision most patients will have no benefit. In some cases, there may be pain associated with incentive spirometry, esp. after surgery. In rare cases incentive spirometry can exacerbate asthma and lead to fatigue.
Assessment of incentive spirometry can be done in several ways. At the bed side one can quickly check the Pulse Oximetry and listen to the chest. The fever may subside and the heart rate may return to normal. If there is doubt, a chest x ray can confirm the presence or absence of atelectasis. Other ways to assess the success of incentive spirometry is to observe the flows and volume before and after the use of the device.
Once the patient has acquired skill in the use of the device, direct nursing supervision is not required. Most experts recommend at least 5-10 breaths/ hour while awake. After each session one is encouraged to cough out the mucus from the lungs.
While incentive spirometry is beneficial for most medical patients, there are some patients who may find no use of the device. It is necessary that the patient be cooperative and understand how to use the device. For those individuals who have a tracheostomy, the technique requires adaptation of the spirometer.
The majority of patients who are taught how to perform incentive spirometry benefit from it. However, without supervision most patients will have no benefit. In some cases, there may be pain associated with incentive spirometry, esp. after surgery. In rare cases incentive spirometry can exacerbate asthma and lead to fatigue.
Assessment of incentive spirometry can be done in several ways. At the bed side one can quickly check the Pulse Oximetry and listen to the chest. The fever may subside and the heart rate may return to normal. If there is doubt, a chest x ray can confirm the presence or absence of atelectasis. Other ways to assess the success of incentive spirometry is to observe the flows and volume before and after the use of the device.
Once the patient has acquired skill in the use of the device, direct nursing supervision is not required. Most experts recommend at least 5-10 breaths/ hour while awake. After each session one is encouraged to cough out the mucus from the lungs.
Incentive Spirometry part 1
Incentive spirometry is a vital component of medicine today. The technique of incentive spirometry was first developed to help bronchial hygiene before and after surgery. It was observed that many patients who underwent surgery developed fever and lung collapse (atelectasis) after the first few days of surgery. This was due to a combination of pain, lack of a cough reflex and continued shallow breathing.
The degree of atelectasis is variable- some individuals only develop mild atelectasis which is of no medical significance except a fever. In other individuals the atelectasis can be quite severe and compromise oxygenation of the lung. Thus, incentive spirometry was developed to encourage patients to take deep and slow breaths to assist in expansion of the lung after surgery.
The procedure of incentive spirometry is accomplished by use of a device that provides the patient with a visual feedback when they inhale for a minimum of 1-3 seconds. The primary goal of the procedure is to increase the lung volumes and improve the performance of the respiratory muscles so that the entire lung expands. When the procedure is performed on a regular basis after surgery, the smaller airways do remain open and collapse of the lung is prevented.
Incentive spirometry was once used only on post surgical patients but this has changed today. The device is now widely used by patients in the intensive care units, extended care facilities, long term home care and on general medical floors.
The degree of atelectasis is variable- some individuals only develop mild atelectasis which is of no medical significance except a fever. In other individuals the atelectasis can be quite severe and compromise oxygenation of the lung. Thus, incentive spirometry was developed to encourage patients to take deep and slow breaths to assist in expansion of the lung after surgery.
The procedure of incentive spirometry is accomplished by use of a device that provides the patient with a visual feedback when they inhale for a minimum of 1-3 seconds. The primary goal of the procedure is to increase the lung volumes and improve the performance of the respiratory muscles so that the entire lung expands. When the procedure is performed on a regular basis after surgery, the smaller airways do remain open and collapse of the lung is prevented.
Incentive spirometry was once used only on post surgical patients but this has changed today. The device is now widely used by patients in the intensive care units, extended care facilities, long term home care and on general medical floors.
Monday, February 16, 2009
Bed Wetting in Adults Part 2
Causes
Bed wetting is a complex issue in the adult and can have multiple causes. Unlike children, some adults with bed wetting also have a problem with day time wetting.
There is some evidence that adult bed wetting may have a genetic link. If one has either one or both parents who have had a problem with bed wetting, the chances are much higher that you will also be affected with this problem.
In some adults the hormone that controls urine production (ADH) may be absent or secreted in low amounts. Absence of the hormone ADH causes the kidney to constantly pass urine in the bladder.
Other individuals may have a very sensitive bladder. As soon as the bladder starts to fill with urine, it sends signals to the brain to empty it. This leads to frequent urination and bed wetting.
There are other individuals who have been involved in trauma and develop over activity of the bladder muscle. This causes the bladder to spontaneously contract and empty the bladder. Two substances which are commonly found to increased bladder overactivity are caffeine and alcohol.
Medications like the diuretics for the treatment of blood pressure can also cause bladder muscle over activity and lead to spontaneous passage of urine. Other medications that can lead to bedtime wetting include the anti psychotics like risperidone and thioridazine.
Other common causes of secondary enuresis may include diabetes mellitus, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, neurological disorders (like stroke), anatomical abnormalities of the bladder or ureters, prostate cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy and obstructive sleep apnea. Adult bed wetting in rare circumstances can also be caused by emotional stress or severe anxiety.
Unlike children, adults with bed wetting need a thorough examination to rule out a cause which can be treated.
For more on supplies on bed wetting, please visit www.medexsupply.com
Bed wetting is a complex issue in the adult and can have multiple causes. Unlike children, some adults with bed wetting also have a problem with day time wetting.
There is some evidence that adult bed wetting may have a genetic link. If one has either one or both parents who have had a problem with bed wetting, the chances are much higher that you will also be affected with this problem.
In some adults the hormone that controls urine production (ADH) may be absent or secreted in low amounts. Absence of the hormone ADH causes the kidney to constantly pass urine in the bladder.
Other individuals may have a very sensitive bladder. As soon as the bladder starts to fill with urine, it sends signals to the brain to empty it. This leads to frequent urination and bed wetting.
There are other individuals who have been involved in trauma and develop over activity of the bladder muscle. This causes the bladder to spontaneously contract and empty the bladder. Two substances which are commonly found to increased bladder overactivity are caffeine and alcohol.
Medications like the diuretics for the treatment of blood pressure can also cause bladder muscle over activity and lead to spontaneous passage of urine. Other medications that can lead to bedtime wetting include the anti psychotics like risperidone and thioridazine.
Other common causes of secondary enuresis may include diabetes mellitus, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, neurological disorders (like stroke), anatomical abnormalities of the bladder or ureters, prostate cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy and obstructive sleep apnea. Adult bed wetting in rare circumstances can also be caused by emotional stress or severe anxiety.
Unlike children, adults with bed wetting need a thorough examination to rule out a cause which can be treated.
For more on supplies on bed wetting, please visit www.medexsupply.com
Bed Wetting in Adults Part 1
There are at least 2-4 percent of adults who involuntary void urine during sleep. Nocturnal enuresis (Bedwetting) is the unintentional urination that occurs at night. Nocturnal bed wetting in adults is generally classified into two categories- primary and secondary.
With primary nocturnal bed wetting, the condition most likely starts in childhood and progresses into adulthood. In these individuals, nocturnal enuresis is not a daily occurence but occurs at least 1-4 times every few months.
The exact number of adults who have this problem is not known because most people do not brag about it nor do they tell their health care worker about it. The secondary onset bed wetting almost always starts off at an older age; the individual may have had no problem in childhood but suddenly the bed wetting starts in adulthood. In some cases, the child may have bed wetting and achieved bladder control but relapses later in adulthood.
Bed wetting is not a recent problem in humans; it has been reported in the archives as early as 1500 BC. Although much is known about bed wetting in the child, the problem has been less studied in the adult.
With primary nocturnal bed wetting, the condition most likely starts in childhood and progresses into adulthood. In these individuals, nocturnal enuresis is not a daily occurence but occurs at least 1-4 times every few months.
The exact number of adults who have this problem is not known because most people do not brag about it nor do they tell their health care worker about it. The secondary onset bed wetting almost always starts off at an older age; the individual may have had no problem in childhood but suddenly the bed wetting starts in adulthood. In some cases, the child may have bed wetting and achieved bladder control but relapses later in adulthood.
Bed wetting is not a recent problem in humans; it has been reported in the archives as early as 1500 BC. Although much is known about bed wetting in the child, the problem has been less studied in the adult.
Saturday, February 14, 2009
Secondary Hypertension Part 2
The classic causes of secondary hypertension include:
The majority of diabetic individuals develop progressive renal failure. Associated with renal failure is the development of blood pressure. In most cases, the earlier the blood pressure is treated, the better the prognosis.
Kidney disorders can lead to development of secondary hypertension. Almost any condition which leads to damage to the kidneys will ultimately lead to development of high blood pressure.
Endocrine disorders like aldosteronism, Cushing’s syndrome or pheochromocytoma are rare disorders which can result in development of high blood pressure. All these medical disorders are relatively easy to diagnose and treat. Other endocrine disorders associated with development of high blood pressure include under or over activity of the thyroid gland.
Coarctation of the aorta is a rare disorder which results in narrowing of the thoracic aorta. The condition is usually seen in children and can be treated.
The majority of individuals with secondary hypertension are diagnosed when blood pressure is measured at a clinic for some unknown reason. In other cases, the individual may have vague symptoms. However, it is the finding of persistently high blood pressure that generally leads to a work up of high blood pressure.
For more information on blood pressure monitors please visit www.medexsupply.com
The majority of diabetic individuals develop progressive renal failure. Associated with renal failure is the development of blood pressure. In most cases, the earlier the blood pressure is treated, the better the prognosis.
Kidney disorders can lead to development of secondary hypertension. Almost any condition which leads to damage to the kidneys will ultimately lead to development of high blood pressure.
Endocrine disorders like aldosteronism, Cushing’s syndrome or pheochromocytoma are rare disorders which can result in development of high blood pressure. All these medical disorders are relatively easy to diagnose and treat. Other endocrine disorders associated with development of high blood pressure include under or over activity of the thyroid gland.
Coarctation of the aorta is a rare disorder which results in narrowing of the thoracic aorta. The condition is usually seen in children and can be treated.
The majority of individuals with secondary hypertension are diagnosed when blood pressure is measured at a clinic for some unknown reason. In other cases, the individual may have vague symptoms. However, it is the finding of persistently high blood pressure that generally leads to a work up of high blood pressure.
For more information on blood pressure monitors please visit www.medexsupply.com
Secondary Hypertension Part 1
Secondary hypertension is an increase in blood pressure that is caused by a known medical disorder. Secondary hypertension infact accounts for less than 5% of all cases of hypertension. The majority of cases of high blood pressure are due to an unknown cause and is known as essential hypertension.
The most common causes of secondary hypertension include disease of the kidneys, blood vessels, heart, endocrine system or pregnancy. Unlike essential hypertension, secondary hypertension can occur abruptly but if the offending condition is treated, the hypertension can be reduced.
Like essential hypertension, secondary hypertension has no specific signs or symptoms. The majority of individuals will have no idea that they have high blood pressure. A few individuals may complain of a headache, generalized fatigue, dizziness or a nose bleed. These symptoms are usually seen in the later stages when the blood pressure has been uncontrolled for many years.
While there is no way to immediately tell if one has secondary hypertension, a few clues to the presence of the condition may be the following:
- High blood pressure that fails to respond to conventional anti hypertensive drugs
- Extremely high systolic and diastolic blood pressure
- Sudden failure of the blood pressure medications to work
- Onset of blood pressure in individual less than 20 and more than 50 years of age
- Development of blood pressure without any family history
For more on supplies for blood pressure, please visit www.medexsupply.com
The most common causes of secondary hypertension include disease of the kidneys, blood vessels, heart, endocrine system or pregnancy. Unlike essential hypertension, secondary hypertension can occur abruptly but if the offending condition is treated, the hypertension can be reduced.
Like essential hypertension, secondary hypertension has no specific signs or symptoms. The majority of individuals will have no idea that they have high blood pressure. A few individuals may complain of a headache, generalized fatigue, dizziness or a nose bleed. These symptoms are usually seen in the later stages when the blood pressure has been uncontrolled for many years.
While there is no way to immediately tell if one has secondary hypertension, a few clues to the presence of the condition may be the following:
- High blood pressure that fails to respond to conventional anti hypertensive drugs
- Extremely high systolic and diastolic blood pressure
- Sudden failure of the blood pressure medications to work
- Onset of blood pressure in individual less than 20 and more than 50 years of age
- Development of blood pressure without any family history
For more on supplies for blood pressure, please visit www.medexsupply.com
Varicoceles Part 2
Who develops a varicocele?
Surveys indicate that Varicoceles are common in the male population and some studies indicate that nearly 10%-20% of men develop them usually between the ages of 15-30. When the varicocele initially develops there are usually no symptoms. The majority of Varicoceles develop in the left groin. Very rarely are they present on both sides. The reason why most occur on the left side is because of the anatomical differences in venous drainage from the scrotum on the left side.
What does a varicocele feel like?
Generally one can not see a varicocele. Often when one runs the hand along the scrotum, one can feel a sensation like a "bag of worms”. The majority of Varicoceles are small and do not get large. The length of a varicocele is usually less than 1 inch.
Diagnosis of Varicocele
In most cases a physical exam will reveal the presence of a varicocele. The individual should be examined in the standing position. The bag of worms usually disappears when lying down. Often the physician may ask you to bear down (like you are pooping). This increases pressure in the abdomen and can make the varicocele visible. Varicoceles which have been present for many years often do not change with position.
Sometimes a varicocele is suspected but can not be seen. In such a case, an ultrasound will help make the diagnosis. This painless non invasive test can reveal the size of the varicosity, presence of backward blood flow and the location.
Surveys indicate that Varicoceles are common in the male population and some studies indicate that nearly 10%-20% of men develop them usually between the ages of 15-30. When the varicocele initially develops there are usually no symptoms. The majority of Varicoceles develop in the left groin. Very rarely are they present on both sides. The reason why most occur on the left side is because of the anatomical differences in venous drainage from the scrotum on the left side.
What does a varicocele feel like?
Generally one can not see a varicocele. Often when one runs the hand along the scrotum, one can feel a sensation like a "bag of worms”. The majority of Varicoceles are small and do not get large. The length of a varicocele is usually less than 1 inch.
Diagnosis of Varicocele
In most cases a physical exam will reveal the presence of a varicocele. The individual should be examined in the standing position. The bag of worms usually disappears when lying down. Often the physician may ask you to bear down (like you are pooping). This increases pressure in the abdomen and can make the varicocele visible. Varicoceles which have been present for many years often do not change with position.
Sometimes a varicocele is suspected but can not be seen. In such a case, an ultrasound will help make the diagnosis. This painless non invasive test can reveal the size of the varicosity, presence of backward blood flow and the location.
Varicoceles Part 1
What is a varicocele?
A varicocele is a collection of enlarged (dilated) veins (blood vessels) in the scrotum. These dilated veins which drain the testicle are often referred to as a bag of worms. Varicoceles usually occur just above the testicles, generally more common on the left side, but can occur on both sides.
Why do Varicoceles develop?
A varicocele develops because of defective valves that are present in the small veins that drain the blood away from the testes. The defective/damaged valves allow for blood to flow back into the testes and lead to engorgement of the veins. Normally the function of these valves is to prevent the blood from flowing backwards. Over time, blood engorgement is progressive and leads to formation of a varicocele. Defective valves are the most common cause of Varicoceles in most young males. Why defective valves occur in anyone’s guess. They do not occur because of excess sex and bear no relation to sexually transmitted disease.
Sometimes, a varicocele may develop if there is a blockage of larger veins in the kidney and this may cause blockage of smaller veins in the testis. This is more common in older men and the cause is usually a cancer.
A varicocele is a collection of enlarged (dilated) veins (blood vessels) in the scrotum. These dilated veins which drain the testicle are often referred to as a bag of worms. Varicoceles usually occur just above the testicles, generally more common on the left side, but can occur on both sides.
Why do Varicoceles develop?
A varicocele develops because of defective valves that are present in the small veins that drain the blood away from the testes. The defective/damaged valves allow for blood to flow back into the testes and lead to engorgement of the veins. Normally the function of these valves is to prevent the blood from flowing backwards. Over time, blood engorgement is progressive and leads to formation of a varicocele. Defective valves are the most common cause of Varicoceles in most young males. Why defective valves occur in anyone’s guess. They do not occur because of excess sex and bear no relation to sexually transmitted disease.
Sometimes, a varicocele may develop if there is a blockage of larger veins in the kidney and this may cause blockage of smaller veins in the testis. This is more common in older men and the cause is usually a cancer.
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