What are risk factors?
Anyone can develop blood in the urine.
Age: Many men in the 5th decade of life develop and enlarged prostate and have blood in urine
Females generally tend to have hematuria in urine from a UTI
Family history may predispose one to kidney stones which may lead to blood in urine.
Medications like aspirin and penicillin can cause blood in the urine.
Athletes who are long distance runners or joggers often develop hematuria.
Diagnosis
After a complete history and physical examination, hematuria work up depends on the suspected cause.
Urine analysis can determine if there is blood, infection, or a stone. Urine analyses is not specific for diagnosis and some type of radiological study is usually required.
Imaging with CT scan, MRI, or ultrasound can help look at the urinary tract.
Sometimes a long flexible camera (cystoscope) is passed from the penis or vagina into the urethra and up the ureter. The camera can help visualize structures and biopsy can be obtained.
In a few cases the diagnosis of hematuria may not be evident. This may occur if one has had a prior exposure to a drug or an environmental toxin.
In elderly individuals, the cause of hematuria is almost always investigated to rule out a cancer.
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